Beethoven, Ludwig van |
17 Dec 1770 |
Bonn, Germany. |
German |
26 Mar 1827 |
Vienna, Austria |
Classical |
Fidelio (1814) |
Bellini, Vincenzo |
3 Nov 1801 |
Sicily, Italy. |
Italian |
23 Sep 1835 |
Paris, France |
Romantic |
- Adelson e Salvini (Feb 1835, Naples)
- La sonnambula “The Sleepwalker” (6 Mar 1831, Teatro Carcano, Milan).
- I puritani “The Puritans” (24 Jan 1835, Paris, Théâtre-Italien).
|
Berg, Alban |
9 Feb 1885 |
Vienna, Austria. |
Austrian |
24 Dec 1935 |
Vienna, Austria |
|
- Wozzeck (14 Dec 1925, Berlin State Opera).
- Lulu (2 Jun 1937, Zurich Opera).
|
Bizet, Georges |
25 Oct 1838 |
Paris, France. |
French |
3 Jun 1875 |
Bougival, Paris, France |
Romantic |
- The Pearl Fishers (1863).
- Djamileh (1872).
- Carmen (1875).
|
Britten, Benjamin |
22 Nov 1913 |
Lowestoft, England. |
English |
4 Dec 1976 |
Aldeburgh, England |
Modernist |
- Paul Bunyan (5 May 1941, Columbia University, New York).
- Peter Grimes (7 June 1945, Sadler’s Wells, London).
- The Rape of Lucretia (12 July 1946, Glyndebourne Festival Opera).
- Albert Herring (20 June 1947, Glyndebourne Festival Opera).
- The Little Sweep (14 June 1949, Aldeburgh Festival, Suffolk).
- Billy Budd (1 Dec 1951, Royal Opera House, London).
- Gloriana (June 1953, Royal Opera House, London).
- The Turn of the Screw (14 Sep 1954, Teatro La Fenice, Venice).
- Noye’s Fludde (18 June 1958, Aldeburgh Festival, Suffolk).
- A Midsummer Night’s Dream (11 June 1960, Aldeburgh Festival, Suffolk).
- Owen Wingrave (16 May 1971, Snape Maltings, Aldeburgh).
- Death in Venice (16 June 1973, Aldeburgh Festival, Suffolk).
|
Debussy, Claude |
22 Aug 1862 |
Saint-Germain, France. |
French |
26 Mar 1918 |
Paris, France |
Modernist |
Pelléas et Mélisande (30 April 1902). |
Delibes, Léo |
21 Feb 1836 |
Saint-Germain-du-Val, France. |
French |
16 Jan 1891 |
Paris, France |
Romantic |
- Deux sous de charbon ou Le suicide de Bigorneau (9 Feb 1856, Folies-Nouvelles, Paris).
- Deux vieilles gardes (8 Aug 1856, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, Paris).
- Six demoiselles à marier (12 Nov 1856, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, Paris).
- Maître Griffard (3 Oct 1857, Théâtre Lyrique, Paris).
- L’omelette à la Follembuche (8 June 1859, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, Paris).
- Monsieur de Bonne-Étoile (4 Feb 1860, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, Paris).
- Les musiciens de l’orchestre (25 Jan 1861, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, Paris).
- Les eaux d’Ems (1862, Kursaal, Bad Ems).
- Mon ami Pierrot (July 1862, Kursaal, Bad Ems).
- Le jardinier et son seigneur (1 May 1863, Théâtre Lyrique, Paris).
- Le tradition (5 Jan 1864, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, Paris).
- Le serpent à plumes (16 Dec 1864, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, Paris).
- Le boeuf Apis (15 Apr 1865, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, Paris).
- Malbrough s’en va-t-en guerre Act 4 only (13 Dec 1867, Théâtre de l’Athénée, Paris).
- L’écossais de Chatou (16 Jan 1869, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, Paris).
- La cour du roi Pétaud (24 Apr 1869, Théâtre des Variétés, Paris).
- Le roi l’a dit (24 May 1873, Opéra-Comique, Paris).
- Jean de Nivelle (8 Mar 1880, Opéra-Comique, Paris).
- Lakmé (14 Apr 1883, Opéra-Comique, Paris).
|
Donizetti, Gaetano |
29 Nov 1797 |
Bergamo, Italy. |
Italian |
8 Apr 1848 |
Bergamo, Italy |
Romantic |
ADDucation’s Top 12 Gaetano Donizetti famous operas (from over 70):
- Imelda de’ Lambertazzi (5 Sep 1830, Teatro di San Carlo, Naples).
- Anna Bolena (26 Dec 1830, Teatro Carcano, Milan).
- L’elisir d’amore “The Elixir of Love” (12 May 1832 Teatro alla Canobbiana, Milan).
- Lucrezia Borgia (26 Dec 1833, La Scala, Milan).
- Rosmonda d’Inghilterra (27 Feb 1834, Teatro della Pergola, Florence).
- Maria Stuarda (30 Dec 1835, La Scala, Milan).
- Lucia di Lammermoor (26 Sep 1835, Teatro di San Carlo, Naples).
- Roberto Devereux (28 Oct 1837, Teatro di San Carlo, Naples).
- Poliuto (1838, Teatro di San Carlo, Naples).
- La fille du régiment “Daughter of the Regiment” (11 Feb 1840, Opéra-Comique, Paris).
- Linda di Chamounix (19 May 1842, Kärntnertortheater, Vienna).
- Don Pasquale (3 Jan 1843, Théâtre-Italien, Paris).
|
Dvořák, Antonin |
8 Sep 1841 |
Nelahozeves, near Prague, Czech Republic. |
Czech |
1 May 1904 |
Prague, Czech Republic. |
Romantic |
- Alfred (1870).
- The Stubborn Lovers (1874).
- Vanda (1875).
- Dimitrij (1881).
- The Jacobin (1888).
- Rusalka (1901).
- Armida (1903).
|
Egk, Werner |
17 May 1901 |
Auchsesheim, Donauwörth, Germany. |
German |
10 Jul 1983 |
Inning, Germany |
Modernist |
- Die Zaubergeige (1935).
- Der Revisor (1957).
- 17 Tage und 4 Minuten (1966).
|
Gershwin, George |
26 Sep 1898 |
New York City, USA |
American |
11 Jul 1937 |
Hollywood, California, USA |
Postmodernist |
Porgy und Bess (1935). |
Gluck, Christoph Willibald |
2 Jul 1714 |
Erasbach, Bavaria Germany. |
German |
15 Nov 1787 |
Vienna, Austria |
Classical |
ADDucation’s Top 10 Christoph Willibald Gluck famous operas:
- Ezio (1750, Prague).
- Le cinesi (24 Sept 1754, Schloss Hof, Vienna).
- L’ivrogne corrigé ou le mariage du diable (Apr 1760 Vienna, Burgtheater, Vienna).
- La rencontre imprévue (7 Jan 1764, Burgtheater, Vienna).
- Telemaco, ossia L’isola di Circe (30 Jan 1765, Burgtheater, Vienna).
- Alceste (26 Dec 1767, Burgtheater, Vienna).
- Iphigénie en Aulide (19 April 1774, Palais-Royal, Paris).
- Orphée et Eurydice “Orpheus and Eurydice” (2 Aug 1774, Palais-Royal, Paris).
- Armide (Armide 23 Sep 1777, Palais-Royal, Paris).
- Iphigénie en Tauride (18 May 1779, Palais-Royal, Paris).
|
Gounod, Charles |
17 Jun 1818 |
Paris, France |
French |
17/18 Oct 1893 |
Saint-Claud, France |
Romantic |
- Sapho (16 April 1851, Salle Le Peletier, Paris Opera).
- La nonne sanglante (Oct 1854, Salle Le Peletier, Paris Opera).
- Le médecin malgré lui (15 Jan 1858, Théâtre Lyrique, Paris).
- Faust (19 Mar 1859, Théâtre Lyrique, Paris).
- Philémon et Baucis (18 February 1860, Théâtre Lyrique, Paris).
- La colombe (3 Aug 1860, Baden-Baden, Germany).
- La reine de Saba “Queen of Sheba” (28 Feb 1862, Salle Le Peletier, Paris).
- Mireille (19 Mar 1864, Théâtre Lyrique, Paris).
- Roméo et Juliette (27 Apr 1867, Théâtre Lyrique, Paris).
- Cinq-Mars (5 Apr 1877 Opéra-Comique, Paris).
- Polyeucte (7 Oct 1878, Palais Garnier, Paris).
- Le tribut de Zamora (1 Apr 1881, Palais Garnier, Paris).
|
Handel, George Frideric |
23 Feb 1685 |
Halle, Germany |
German / English |
14 Apr 1759 |
London, England |
Baroque |
- Agrippina (1709).
- Julius Caesar (1724).
- Rodelinda (1725).
- Xerxes (1738).
|
Haydn, Joseph |
31 Mar 1732 |
Rohrau, Austria. |
Austria |
31 May 1809 |
Vienna, Austria |
Classical |
- Der krumme Teufel (c1751).
- La canterina “The Songstress” (1766).
- Lo speziale “The Apothecary” (1768).
- Le pescatrici “The Fishwives” (1770).
- L’infedeltà delusa “Deceit Outwitted” (1773).
- Philemon und Baucis (1773).
- L’incontro improvviso “The Unexpected Encounter” (1775).
- Il mondo della luna “The World on the Moon” (1777).
- La vera costanza “True Constancy” (1779).
- L’isola disabitata “The Deserted Island” (1779).
- La fedeltà premiata “Fidelity Rewarded” (1781).
- Orlando paladino “The Paladin Orlando” (1782).
- Armida (1784).
|
Hindemith, Paul |
16 Nov 1895 |
Hanau, Germany. |
German |
28 Dec 1963 |
Frankfurt, Germany |
Neoclassical |
- Cardillac (1926).
- Neues vom Tage (1929).
- Mathis der Maler (1938).
|
Humperdinck, Engelbert |
1 Sep 1854 |
Siegburg, Germany. |
German |
27 Sep 1921 |
Neustrelitz, Germany |
?? |
- Hansel and Gretel (1893).
- Königskinder (1897).
- Die Heirat wider Willen “The Reluctant Marriage” (1905).
|
Lehar, Franz |
30 Apr 1870 |
Komárom, Hungary. |
Hungarian |
14 Oct 1948 |
Bad Ischl, Austria |
Romantic |
- Der Kürassier, not completed (1892).
- Rodrigo, completed but not performed (1893).
- Kukuschka (27 Nov 1896).
- Tatjana, a revised version of Kukuschka (10 February 1905).
|
Leoncavallo, Ruggero |
8 Mar 1858 |
Naples, Italy. |
Italian |
9 Sep 1919 |
Monte-Catini Terme |
Romantic |
- Der Bajazzo (1892).
- Zazà (1900).
- Der Roland von Berlin (1904).
|
Lortzing, Albert |
23 Oct 1801 |
Berlin, Germany. |
German |
21 Jan 1851 |
Berlin, Germany |
Romantic |
- Ali Pascha von Jannina (1 Feb 1828, Stadttheater, Münster).
- Der Wildschütz (31 Dec 1842, Leipzig, Germany).
- Czar and Zimmermann (22 Dec 1837, Leipzig, Germany).
- Der Pole und sein Kind (11 Oct 1832, Osnabrück, Germany).
- Undine (21 Apr 1845, Magdeburg).
|
Mascagni, Pietro |
7 Dec 1863 |
Livorno, Italy. |
Italian |
2 Aug 1945 |
Rome, Italy |
Romantic |
ADDucation’s Top 11 Pietro Mascagni famous operas:
- Cavalleria rusticana (17 May 1890, Teatro Costanzi, Rome).
- L’amico Fritz (31 Oct 1891, Teatro Costanzi, Rome).
- I Rantzau (10 Nov 1892, Teatro La Pergola, Florence).
- Guglielmo Ratcliff (16 Feb 1895, Teatro alla Scala, Milan)
- Silvano (25 Mar 1895, Teatro alla Scala, Milan).
- Zanetto (2 Mar 1896, Liceo Musicale, Pesaro).
- Iris (22 Nov 1898, Teatro Costanzi, Rome).
- Le maschere (17 Jan 1901, La Scala, Milan + 5 other Italian Opera houses).
- Amica (16 Mar 1905, Monte Carlo).
- Il piccolo Marat (2 May 1921, Teatro Costanzi, Rome).
- Pinotta (23 Mar 1932, Casinò, San Remo).
|
Massenet, Jules |
12 May 1842 |
Montaud, France. |
French |
13 Aug 1912 |
Paris, France |
Romantic |
ADDucation’s Top 8 Jules Massenet famous operas:
- Hérodiade (19 Dec 1881, Théâtre de la Monnaie, Brussels).
- Manon (19 Jan 1884, Opéra-Comique, Paris).
- Le Cid (30 Nov 1885, Paris Opéra).
- Esclarmonde (15 May 1889, Théâtre Lyrique, Paris).
- Werther (16 Feb 1892, Hofoper, Vienna).
- La Navarraise (20 Jun 1894, Covent Garden, London).
- Ariane (31 Oct 1906, Palais Garnier, Paris).
- Roma (17 Feb 1912, Opéra de Monte Carlo).
|
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus |
27 Jan 1756 |
Salzburg, Austria. |
Austrian |
5 Dec 1791 |
Vienna, Austria |
Classical |
- Idomeneo “King of Crete” (1781).
- The Abduction from the Seraglio (1782).
- The Marriage of Figaro (1786).
- Don Giovanni (1787) one of the most famous operas.
- Cosi fan tutte “Women are like that” (1790)
- The Magic Flute (1791).
|
Mussorgsky, Modest |
21 Mar 1839 |
Karewo,
Russia. |
Russian |
28 Mar 1881 |
St. Petersburg, Russia |
Romantic |
- Boris Godunow (27 Jan 1874, Mariinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg).
- Khovanshchina, completed by Rimsky-Korsakov (1886, St. Petersburg).
In 1959 Khovanshchina was revised by Dmitri Shostakovich
|
Offenbach, Jacques |
20 Jun 1819 |
Köln, Germany. |
German / French |
5 Oct 1880 |
Paris, France |
Romantic |
ADDucation’s Top 10 Jacques Offenbach famous operas (from over 100):
- Orphée aux enfers “Orpheus in the Underworld” (21 Oct 1858, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, Paris).
- Geneviève de Brabant (19 Nov 1859, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, Paris).
- Die Rheinnixen (4 Feb 1864, Hoftheater, Vienna).
- La belle Hélène (17 Dec 1864, Théâtre des Variétés, Paris).
- Barbe-bleue (5 Feb 1866, Théâtre des Variétés, Paris).
- La Vie parisienne (31 October 1866 Théâtre du Palais-Royal, Paris).
- La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein “The Grand Duchess of Gerolstein” (12 Apr 1867, Théâtre des Variétés, Paris).
- La Périchole (6 Oct 1868, Théâtre des Variétés, Paris).
- Les brigands (10 Dec 1869, Théâtre des Variétés, Paris).
- The Tales of Hoffmann (10 Feb 1881, Opéra-Comique, Paris).
|
Orff, Carl |
10 Jul 1895 |
Munich, Germany. |
German |
29 Mar 1982 |
Munich, Germany |
Modern |
- The Moon (1939).
- The Wise (1943).
- Prometheus (1968).
|
Pfitzner, Hans |
5 May 1869 |
Moscow, Russia. |
German |
22 May 1949 |
Salzburg, Austria |
Romantic |
- Der arme Heinrich (1895, Mainz).
- Die Rose vom Liebesgarten (1901, Elberfeld).
- Das Christ-Elflein v1 (1906, Munich).
- Das Christ-Elflein v2 (1917, Dresden).
- Palestrina (1917, Munich).
- Das Herz (1930, Berlin and Munich).
|
Prokofiev, Sergei |
23 Apr 1891 |
Sontsovka, Ukraine. |
Russian |
5 Mar 1953 |
Moscow, Russia |
Modernist |
- The Love for Three Oranges (1921).
- The Gambler (1929).
- The Story of a Real Man (1948).
|
Puccini, Giacomo |
22 Dec 1858 |
Lucca, Italy |
Italian |
29 Nov 1924 |
Brussels, Belgium |
Romantic |
- Edgar (1889).
- Manon Lescaut (1 Feb 1893, Teatro Regio, Turin).
- La Bohème (1 Feb 1896, Teatro Regio, Turin).
- Tosca (14 Jan 1900, Teatro Costanzi, Rome).
- Madam Butterfly (17 Feb 1904, La Scala, Milan).
- The Girl of the Golden West (1910).
- The Triptych, partly with Gianni Schicchi (1918).
- Turandot (25 April 1926, Teatro alla Scala, Milan).
|
Rachmaninoff, Sergei |
4 Jan 1873 |
Staraya Russa, Russia. |
Russian |
28 Mar 1943 |
Beverly Hills, USA |
Romantic |
- Aleko (1893, Moscow, Moscow Conservatory).
- The Miserly Knight (24 Jan 1906, Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow).
- Francesca da Rimini (24 Jan 1906, Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow).
|
Ravel, Maurice |
3 Jul 1875 |
Ciboure, France. |
French |
28 Dec 1937 |
Paris, France |
Modernist |
- L’heure espagnole “The Spanish Hour” (19 May 1911 Paris).
- L’enfant et les sortilèges (1926 Paris).
|
Rossini, Gioachino |
29 Feb 1792 |
Pesaro, Italy. |
Italian |
13 Nov 1868 |
Passy, Paris, France |
Romantic |
- The Barber of Seville (1816) one of the most famous operas.
- La Cenerentola (1817).
- Moses in Egypt (1818).
- Semiramide (1823).
- William Tell (1829).
|
Saint-Saëns, Camille |
9 Oct 1835 |
Paris, France. |
French |
16 Dec 1921 |
Algiers, Algeria |
Romantic |
Samson and Delilah (2 Dec 1877, Ducal Theatre, Weimar). |
Schubert, Franz |
31 Jan 1797 |
Austria, Vienna. |
Austrian |
19 Nov 1828 |
Vienna, Austria |
Romantic |
Fierrabras (1897 Hoftheater Karlsruhe). |
Schumann, Robert |
8 Jun 1810 |
Zwickau, Germany. |
German |
29 Jul 1856 |
Endenich/Bonn Germany. |
Romantic |
Genoveva (25 Jun 1850 Stadttheater, Leipzig). |
Shostakovich, Dmitri |
25 Sep 1906 |
St. Petersburg, Russia. |
Russian |
9 Aug 1975 |
Moscow, Russia |
Modernist |
- The Nose (1930).
- Katerina Ismailova “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk”(
- 22 Jan 1934, Leningrad Maly Operny).
- Moscow, Cheryomushki.
|
Smetana, Bedřich |
2 Mar 1824 |
Litomysl, Bohemia, Czech Republic. |
Czech |
05 Dec 1884 |
Prague, Czech Republic |
Romantic |
- The Bartered Bride (1866).
- The Two Widows (1874).
- The Kiss (1876).
- The Secret (1878).
- Libuse (1881).
- The Devil’s Wall (1882).
|
Strauss II, Johann |
25 Oct 1825 |
Ulrich,Vienna, Austria. |
Austrian |
3 Jun 1899 |
Vienna, Austria |
Romantic |
Ritter Pázmán “Knight Pazman (1 Jan 1892, Hofoper in Vienna, only played 9 times). |
Strauss, Richard |
11 Jun 1864 |
Munich, Germany. |
German |
8 Sep 1949 |
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, Germany |
Modernist |
- Salome (1905), Elektra (1909).
- Der Rosenkavalier (1911).
- Ariadne auf Naxos (1912).
- Intermezzo (1924).
- Arabella (1933).
- Daphne (1938).
|
Stravinsky, Igor |
17 Jun 1882 |
Oranienbaum, St. Petersburg, Russia. |
Russian |
6 Apr 1971 |
New York, USA |
Modernist |
- The Soldier’s Tale (1918).
- Mavra (1922).
- Oedipus Rex (1928).
|
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich |
7 May 1840 |
Votkinsk, Vyatka Governorate, Russia. |
Russian |
6 Nov 1893 |
St. Petersburg, Russia |
Romantic |
- Eugene Onegin (1879).
- The Maid of Orleans (1881).
- Mazepa (1884).
- The Sorceress (1887).
- The Queen of Spades (1890).
- Iolanta (1892).
|
Verdi, Giuseppe |
10 Oct 1813 |
Le Roncole, Parma, Italy. |
Italian |
27 Jan 1901 |
Milan, Italy |
Romantic |
- Nabucco (9 Mar 1842, Teatro alla Scala, Milan).
- Attila (1846).
- Macbeth (1847).
- Luisa Miller (1849).
- Rigoletto (11 Mar 1851, Teatro La Fenice, Venice).
- Il Trovatore (1853).
- La Traviata (6 Mar 1853, Teatro La Fenice, Venice).
- Ein Maskenball (1859).
- Don Carlos (1867).
- Aida (24 Dec 1871, Khedivial Opera House in Cairo, Egypt) one Verdi’s most famous operas.
- Othello (1887).
- Falstaff (1893).
|
Vivaldi, Antonio |
3 Apr 1678 |
Venice, Italy. |
Italian |
28 Jul 1741 |
Vienna, Austria |
Baroque |
ADDucation’s Top 14 Antonio Vivaldi famous operas (from over 50):
- La Fida Ninfa (1719, Teatro Arciducale, Mantua).
- Atenaide (29 Dec 1728, Teatro della Pergola, Florence).
- Griselda (18 May 1735, Teatro San Samuele, Venice).
- Orlando finto pazzo “Orlando, the Fake Madman” (Nov 1714, Teatro Sant’Angelo, Venice).
- Orlando Furioso (Nov 1727, Teatro Sant’Angelo, Venice).
- Tito Manlio (1719, Teatro Arciducale, Mantua).
- L’Olimpiade (17 Feb 1734, Teatro Sant’Angelo, Venice).
- La verità in cimento “Truth in Contentio” (1720 Carnival of Venice).
- Bajazet / Il Tamerlano (1735, Verona, Italy).
- Farnace (10 Feb 1727 Teatro Sant’Angelo, Venice).
- Dorilla in Tempe (9 Nov 1726, , Teatro Sant’Angelo, Venice)
- Ottone in Villa (May 1713 Teatro di Piazza, Vicenza).
- Argippo (1722, Milan).
|
Wagner, Richard |
22 May 1813 |
Leipzig, Germany. |
German |
13 Feb 1883 |
Venice, Austria |
Romantic |
- The Flying Dutchman (2 Jan 1843, Königliches Hoftheater, Dresden).
- Tannhäuser (19 Oct 1845, Königliches Hoftheater, Dresden).
- Lohengrin (28 Aug 1850, Deutsches National theater Weimar).
- Tristan and Isolde (10 Jun 1865) one of the most famous operas.
- Parsifal (26 Jul 1882, Bayreuth Festspielhaus).
- The Mastersingers of Nuremberg (1868).
- Der Ring des Nibelungen, also known as the “Ring Cycle” in 4 parts:
- Das Rheingold “The Rhinegold (13 Aug 1876, Bayreuth Festival as a cycle.
Also separately in 1869).
- Die Walküre “The Valkyrie” (14 Aug 1876, Bayreuth Festival as a cycle.
Also separately in 1870).
- Siegfried (16 Aug 1876, Bayreuth Festival).
- Götterdämmerung “Twilight of the Gods” (17 Aug 1876, Bayreuth Festival).
|
Weber, Carl Maria von |
18 Dec 1786 |
Eutin, Bishopric of Lübeck, Germany. |
German |
5 Jun 1826 |
London, England |
Romantic |
- Silvana (1810).
- Der Freischütz (1821).
- Euryanthe (1823).
- Oberon (1826).
|
Weill, Kurt |
2 Mar 1900 |
Dessau, Germany. |
German / American |
3 Apr 1950 |
New York City, USA |
Modernist |
- The Threepenny Opera (1928).
- Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny (1930).
|
Wolf, Hugo |
13 Mar 1860 |
Windischgrätz, Duchy of Styria, Gradec, Slovenia. |
Austrian / Slovenian. |
22 Feb 1903 |
Vienna, Austria |
Romantic |
Der Corregidor (7 Jun 1896, Nationaltheater Mannheim). |